The Gang That The Author, Sudhir Venkantesh - 1148 Words

I would describe the gang that the author, Sudhir Venkantesh, studies in this book as a deviant group because they are not following usual or accepted standards in social behavior. â€Å"Deviance is a behavior, trait or belief that departs from a norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group†. (Real World, Kerry Ferris, Jill Stein, p 153) According to this definition we can definitely see gangs departing from a norm by committing many crimes and not obeying the laws. One example to deviant behavior from the book is when Sudhir Venkantesh for the first times sees J.T and his gang beating up a man for not doing what he has been told. Sudhir Venkantesh states that â€Å"I had been hanging around J.T. for several months by now, and I’d†¦show more content†¦So it is acceptable behavior for the gang but not for the rest of the society. Philanthropist is a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others. If philanthropy means using charity to help others then J.T. the gang leader can think or sees himself a philanthropist as much as a gang leader. From the beginning of his existence in the book I was Hulya Eker Gang Leader for a Day and Sociological Concepts able to say that he had a different personality than a gang leader that anyone would think or define. J.T di not hurt Venkantesh nor let anyone else do anything bad to him in the first day they met and he also let him go. Later on when Venkantesh come again he just let him hang out with him to help with his research. J.T. knew what Venkantesh was doing and in spite of this J.T helped him with his research. That does not make him philanthropist truly but he always helped people around him. J.T. stated proudly of quitting his typical sales job in downtown Chicago to return to the projects and use his drug profits to help others. He helped in many different ways. One example form the book is that â€Å"he gave money to some local youth centers for sports equipment and computers†.(Gang leader for a Day,2008) Venkantesh, He also willingly loaned out his gang members to Robert Taylor tenant leaders, who deployed them on such tasks as escorting the elderly on errands or beating up a domestic abuser. J.T. even found some positive side for selling drugs such as

The Ethics Of The Medical Field - 927 Words

â€Å"Declare the past, diagnose the present, predict the future† – Hippocrates Throughout the history of mankind, the world has witnessed miracles and most of them lie in the medical field. But I know about the persistent hard work and dedication that was spent in order to create that marvel. There is a sense of responsibility and morality endorsed in every medical profession, which is fulfilled with utmost integrity. It might seem very simple, to be a doctor; just go through some books or get into a top notch medical school. But the real fight is against you, to stay motivated at all times, to have the will to become a part of that miracle. People spend all their lives trying to figure out what to do with themselves. I never had doubts about where my life was leading me, since an early age, I had clutched on to the idea of becoming a doctor and working in the U.S.Although I was weak in my studies during high school, but my passion to join the medical profession never faltered. There may have been times that I was let down by others that I may not able to cope up with the aggressive nature of competition in medicine, but it rarely crossed my mind that I would not make it. I was confident and resolute in my decision; I could not shy away from the challenge of my life. I was building myself, my mindset in such a way that every obstacle seemed like a mere step in a staircase, in order to reach for my goals I had to climb one step at a time. I joined the Jinnah Sindh MedicalShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Medical Field947 Words   |  4 Pagescomplete apathy and empathy towards patients. â€Å"Nothing is more indispensable to ethics and, at the same time, more detrimental to the ethical quality of a decision than an emotion.†[] What are the advantages and disadvantages of an emotional response? Should doctors use emotions? Emotions such as compassion, fear, and anger can be influential factors in making an ethical decision. Most doctors enter the medical field because they want to help their patients, relieve their pain, and support themRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Medical Field Essay2016 Words   |  9 PagesIntro Regardless of your industry, it’s becoming harder and harder to stand out from the crowd. In the medical field, this is especially true. From big box hospitals to small practices, competition is fierce. So how does one stand out from the crowd and stay professional? Brand yourself, and do it well. In the following pages, I will walk you through a handful of killer techniques that are sure to set you apart from your competition by building your own personal brand. There are no shortcutsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Medical And Biological Fields3307 Words   |  14 Pages In this current day and age, science and technology are moving forward at a rapid pace. This can lead to great strides and benefits in the medical and biological fields but also gives rise to ethical and moral questioning. Scientist worry that their research will be stifled by new laws and restrictions, while society fears that these researchers will take advantage of them if not regulated properly. This is clearly seen in the debate over stem cell research and synthetic biology, like geneticallyRead MoreMedical Ethics Of The Pharmaceutical Field1799 Words   |  8 PagesIn the pharmaceutical field, there is a lot of controversy when it comes to doctors prescribing certain medications to patients; such as oxycodo ne. Some citizens hold the government accountable for addicting patients to oxycodone, but in reality the ones to blame are the doctors and pharmaceutical scientist. The government may have allowed doctors to prescribe these medications but there are also laws created to prevent doctors from abusing the right to prescribe oxycodone. The most common controlledRead MoreEthics And The Medical Field Using Tissue Ownership Essay1642 Words   |  7 Pagesbecoming a large public topic that lead to the creation of â€Å"do not resuscitate† orders and hospice care centers (Cassell 2000). This paper attempts to provide a better understanding of ethics and its relationship to the medical field using tissue ownership to demonstrate how bio-medical ethical debates arise. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that deals with values concerning human conduct. These values help cultures determine what actions are appropriate and inappropriate and which motives of suchRead MoreTransition Paper1210 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Transition Paper Assignment NR 101 Ethics in Nursing In the world of medical ethics no sector of healthcare has been under more scrutiny and has drawn more phisophical debates, been under review or been a more sensitive and critical part of the healthcare field than the world of ethics in the field of nursing. Nursing is one of the most pivotal aspects of every medical practice in the world. And today the importance of nursing ethics is ruling right up there with the importance of oxygen. Read MoreThe Unethical Approach to Immortality: the Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks768 Words   |  4 PagesUnethical Approach to Immortality Henrietta Lacks is, one of the greatest contributors medical science and research in the past century. Albeit, she never knew of her contribution. In fact, it took twenty years for her family to be informed about the extensive number of cells that had been produced, and that would continue to be produced, to further studies in the best medical interest of mankind. The ethics of this situation are hardly questionable and this is what â€Å"The Immortal Life of HenriettaRead MoreAn Ideal Doctor809 Words   |  3 PagesAn Ideal Doctor: Medical students basically attend medical schools for the precise purpose of being educated. As part of their duty, the medical faculty teaches medical students virtue and vice in all their respective duties. Consequently, there is an assumption or concept that a good physician demonstrates virtues that are required to practice virtuous medicine (Marcum, 2012, p. 229). Actually, attempts to prepare medical students to operate as total competent professionals trained to meet theRead MoreThe Future Of Dermatology Is On The World Of Aesthetics And Disease1477 Words   |  6 Pagesdemand in the world of aesthetics and disease. Many medical residents are choosing the field of dermatology as it allows for flexibility and broad range of practice. Dermatologists manage multiple diseases and disorders associated with the integument system and some enter the field of cosmetic surgery. Although there are limited positions in dermatology residency programs compared to internal medicine and family medicine, this competitive field is drawing in the brightest and the best future physiciansRead MoreThe Ethics Of Ethics For Healthcare Quality Professionals1272 Words   |  6 Pagespractices and values, continuing education on ethics for everyone involved, successful ethics substructure, and morally spirited and dauntless leaders (Winkler, 2005). These organizations have a vision and statements that directs behavior and decision making. The Code of Ethics furnishes a definitive model of conduct. The standard of conduct is entrenched in associations, affiliations, confidentiality, and commitment with health care professionals. The Code of Ethics for healthcare quality professionals

Differences Between at and Tce on Corporate Governance Free Essays

Explain the similarities and differences between AT and TCE on corporate governance and criticize AT using TCE’s perspective Both AT and TCE share considerably the same assumption, they believe that market mechanism will not work all the time because of bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard. The two theories also believe that there is no perfect contract and both rely endogenously on the board of director as a control instrument. Even though AT and TCE both share these similarities, they analyze them from different perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between at and Tce on Corporate Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The unit of analysis in AT is individual level, while it is transaction in TCE. The focal cost of AT is the residual loss that causes from bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard, while it is maladaptation of governance structure in TCE. Furthermore, the focal contractual concern of AT is ex ante, while it is ex post in TCE. AT focuses on relationship between principals (shareholders) and agents (CEO). Due to the fact that the principals want to maximize their return, while the agents want to maximize their wealth, power, and prestige, so the interests of the two parties are not aligned. The agents are able to fulfill their interests without necessary fulfilling the principals’. To guard against such bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard from the agent, board of director is appointed to link the imperfect relationship between principals and agents. The board of director has the right to monitor, ramify, and sanction the decision of the agent to fiduciary protect the principals’ interest. Apart from appointing the board of director, nexus of contracts is utilized to provide ex ante incentive alignment and minimize inefficiencies in the contractual structure of the firm that arise form the unaligned interests. TCE focuses on the alignment of the governance structure in order to minimize the transaction cost as much as possible. Its focal contractual concern is ex post governance structure so they strive to reduce the transactions cost by integration rather than focusing on incentives. TCE also assume bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard as AT, but TCE focuses on transaction level instead of individual level. Apart from the assumptions of bounded rationality, opportunism, and moral hazard, two variables must be concerned in order to decide the appropriate governance structure. These variables are namely uncertainty, and asset specificity. The level of uncertainty is dependant on the length of the transaction and often is a part of bounded rationality. Longer length of transaction often leads to higher uncertainty. Asset specificity, contrary to uncertainty, is better for longer length of transaction. This is due to the reason that, the transactions cost is lower in a higher specific asset. If the level of asset specificity and uncertainty are high in both parties, vertical integration is suitable in minimizing the transactions cost, but if the level of uncertainty is low while the asset specificity is high in both parties, long term contract is more suitable. Board of director also exists in TCE, but for different purpose than in AT. The role of the board of director in TCE is to safeguard the firm against financial lost from by financially look after the firm rather than monitoring the agents’ behavior. How to cite Differences Between at and Tce on Corporate Governance, Papers

Decision Making and Implications Human Resources Development

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making and Implications for Human Resources Development. Answer: Introduction: Making an accurate decision or judgement is not a very easy task. It involves lot of complexities such as gathering of information, processing the same and based on the result decision is taken. But the question that remains unanswered is whether the information gathered and processed are free from any biasness. Decisions and information collection all are dependent upon human minds. It is a minds game. We think and arrive at conclusions basis our own judgemental emotions, experience and prejudices. Thus there are various factors that distort an individual as well as an organizations ability to collect and refine the information and take decision which is accurate (Bauer Erdogan, 2001). First and foremost the most important factor is the failure of an individual as well as an organization as a whole to consider all the facts and figures available while making decisions. People and decisional groups become very selective with regards the data available. We have a single dimensional view while looking at things and this limits our perspective of looking at all the available evidences in detail. This factor can take any of the two forms. Either a person will consider only the positive aspects of information which will satisfy its requirements thus waving off the negative aspects in totality. And second is consideration of only negative aspects and discussing over them while ignoring the positivity of the evidence. Thus this distorts the ability to take a balanced and an unbiased decision (Korte, 2003). People many a times are seen to arrive at a conclusion based on a piece of evidence, thus ignoring the entire sample data. This leads to arriving at a general consensus which may not be accurate. The main reason for distortion in this scenario is inability to interpret samples by integrating them as a whole (Lovallo, Sibony, 2006). Another very important factor which cannot be dismissed is polarized thinking which leads to looking at only one side of the coin. Individuals and organizations fail to analyze both sides of the situation and conclude by looking at things in a linear manner as in they are either black or white, good or bad or all or nothing. Because of this misleading notion one ends up arriving at such rules and regulations which are irrational and disagreeable to the masses. This myth leads to missing out of opportunity to take sound decisions when it is possible to break down the complex elements of a data into simpler ones and take faster decisions during times of need. Every piece of bad news is not harmful should be inculcated into the minds of the individuals which would help them personally as well as professionally. This limitation which is set in the minds of humans also is a major limiting factor for taking sound decisions. (Workingresources.com. 2016) As is rightly said it is a minds game, thus mind reading is a very important factor which also contribute to such fallacies. We often conclude basis what is clearly visible from our naked eyes without even looking at other possible alternatives which may be visible if looked in depth. This is known as Fundamental Attribution Error where one interprets ones action wrongly. We often tend to neglect the information which is representative in nature. Focus is only on the evidences which lead to negative conclusions and thus positive views or extracts are ignored. This attribution effect limits the persons viewpoint to look at the cause of occurrence and just concentrate upon the effect of the action. Our judgement becomes so biased that we judge people sitting on the other side of the table basis their behavioural patterns and judge ourselves basis our purpose (Nead, 2015). Organizations decisions are often affected by the personal whims and fancies of the individuals. The ego enlarges to such an extent that one cannot look beyond himself or herself. They have a mindset of taking everything upon them and find everything else around to be opaque. This leads to forming rules which are only favouring them. They become self centred (Wilson, Brekke, 1994). Lack of confidence in some individuals leads to overestimation or underestimation of their own calibre. This leads to a loss of control. Often the people around tend to take advantage of this fallacy. Controlling of emotions such as anger is a must else it tends to hamper your judgemental thinking. Resentment is a negative attribute which should be overcome by making oneself informed and not acting basis incomplete communication of information. Thus lack of proper communication channels leads to development of such distortions (Gutnik et al. 2006). An individuals reasoning capacity is highly influenced by its emotional quotient. Thus any piece of information should be adequately analyzed before arriving at any decision. Adhoc decisions often is misleading and false. Stubborn nature influences an individuals behaviour as well as the behaviour of the organization as well. Believing on the fact that one cannot be wrong is egoistic nature which may lead to disasters specially if such a thinking is imbibed into the minds of the ultimate decision makers of any organization (Dietrich, 2010). Lastly the concept of let bygones be bygones should be followed in tact. Organizations often consider sunk costs as costs which cannot be recovered while making any economic and business decisions. Considering sunk costs while taking any decision leads to distortion. The decision will not accurate and instead of viewing the future one is seen stuck with the past. Unfortunately human beings have this habit of considering their past investments without considering the future of the investment. It is known that sunk costs are irrecoverable in nature yet the myth exists and people continue to try to recover what they have lost. Thus these factors are very influential in enabling a person to take informed decisions. They often lead to distortion and thus biased and imprudent decisions. However it is to be understood that one can easily try to overcome these fallacies if adequate efforts are put in by the individuals as well as the organizations. Let us take a small example of a politicians speech during a rally. Do we actually agree to whatever he says or promises in its face value? The answer is no. Some judgement is exercised before arriving at a conclusion. Thus one should think critically before arriving at any solution trying to keep the biasness away from the loop. This helps to resolve problems why discussing situations from all angles and not from only one side which is favourable for the decision maker. Critical thinking helps to think about the management, the organization and the society as a whole rather than just thinking about satisfaction of self. It is impossible to eradicate the emotional quotient fully however the critical thinking factors in the element of biasness. It simply prefers one to keep the biasness in mind but at the same time slants th e preference towards honesty. It is more inclined towards resolution of problem rather than just giving importance to emotions. Critical thinking is one of the most preferable way of resolving this problem of lack of accuracy in judgements due to biasness. It even helps a person or an organizational groups emotional quotient to control and behave in a rational manner which would benefit the society as well. Critical thinking cannot become a part of an individual automatically. The same has to be nurtured by self as well as the organization. They should keep training programs on a continuous basis for the same, conduct assembly sessions within the small teams that are there in an organization and explore the abilities of the employees towards critical thinking which will benefit the employees in their professional as well as personal lives (Wolf, 2012). Further the individuals and the organizations as a whole can put in efforts to overcome the Fundamental Attribution Errors as well. They need to learn and develop the attitude of empathizing with the people around and their situations rather than sympathizing with them. By doing so the decisions taken become less prejudiced and one thinks keeping oneself in the shoes of the other person (DeSteno et.al. 2004). Further to this understanding the cultural diversity is another important method to waive the distortions that occur while arriving at decisions. People from varying cultures are a part of any organization, between that it is very important to keep in mind the same before arriving at any conclusion .Also working with a team which is diverse in nature enables one to think in a more rational manner (Richeson, Nussbaum, 2004). In view of the above it is very evident that the vulnerabilities in making decisions lies in the very ability to take decisions by human beings. It is their behavioural patterns which proves whether justice is done while arriving at a particular consensus. Its impact can be minimized even by other ways and means also such as by seeking opinion from external resources so as to be over sure about ones own decision. External agencies are generally unbiased as they have no direct interest in the organization or the individual. Another very important way is to appreciate the efforts of the employees which would encourage them to take more sound decisions for the organizations welfare. Also people who make mistakes should be enlightened about the same rather than penalizing them. Sessions should be held and discussions and re-discussions should be done for resolving graver issues so that bouncing back of problems will help to bring out newer sides of the problem which may be positive as we ll as negative (Mindtools.com, 2016). It is very crucial for companies to understand that it is the organizational behaviour that puts any organization at risk rather than occurrence of any contingent event. Eminent scholars have also proposed that amongst others, awareness is one such way to ensure that biasness is eliminated while arriving at a decision, however it is not applicable at the top and middle level management of any organization which has a more complex structure. The same is helpful at the lower levels where the decisions are minor and there biasness is very ineffective for the organizations goals and aims (McGinnis, 2007). Individuals who are a part of organizations are held to be mature enough. Thus they should also take steps on their own to minimize biasness in their work by working upon ones capability to judge without prejudice. They should make a deliberate attempt to look at situations from a neutral view point. This is although a sort of self awareness but the same is also to be supported by the organizations itself. The companys protocols should ensure visiting of various decisions of all levels. Individuals and organizations should make an effort together to find out the reasons for bias decisions and take steps for its removal from the scenario so that accuracy can be maintained. For this timely reviews should be conducted which would also inculcate a discipline amongst the employees that anything which is not exemplary or in line with the organizations requirement can cost them. Although self check is the best check but there are times when the same is not possible. It is then when feedback from others should be welcomed in a healthy manner and the organization should also contribute in it by ensuring that it does not give rise to any negative or false environment (Rudman et al. 2001). Thus from the above context it is very clear that judgements are coupled with biasness which effects its accuracy and acceptability. Individuals belonging to any cadre of an organization should ensure that personal fractions should not dominate ones decisions. Further decisions should not be taken in haste. Proper investigation and interrogation is required and team should comprise of all the members and not restricted to only a few powerful of them. All the voices raised should be heard and decisions which are best in the interest of the organization should only be taken. Thus biasness is although present and data even though collected is accurate the same can be addressed only with a joint effort on the part of the individuals as well the organization itself. References: Bauer, T., Erdogan, B., (2001), Organizational Behaviour, Available at : https://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/3?e=bauer-ch11_s01 [Accessed 16th August 2016] DeSteno, D., Dasgupta, N., Bartlett, M., Cajdric, A. (2004). Prejudice from thin air: The effect of emotion on automatic intergroup attitudes. Psychological Science, vol. 15, pp. 319-324. Dietrich, C., (2010), Decision Making : Factors that Influence Decision Making , Heuristics Used and Decision Outcomes, Inquiries Journal , vol. 2 no.2. Gutnik, L.A., Hakimzada, A.F., Yoshkowitz, N.A., Patel, V.L. (2006), The role of emotions in decision making : A cognitive neuroeconomic approach towards understanding sexual risk behaviour, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 720-736 Korte, R.E., (2003), Biases in Decision Making and Implications for Human Resources Development , Advances in Developing Human Resources, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 440-457 Lovallo, D.P., Sibony, O. (2006), Distortions and deceptions in strategic decisions, Available at : https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/distortions-and-deceptions-in-strategic-decisions [Accessed 16th August 2016] McGinnis, S.K., (2007), Organizational Behaviour and Management Thinking, Jones and Barlett Publishers Mindtools.com, (2016), Avoiding Psychological Bias in Decision Making, Available At : https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/avoiding-psychological-bias.htm [Accessed 16th August 2016] Nead, N., (2015), Overcoming Organizational and Individual Biases, Available at : https://investmentbank.com/overcoming-organizational-and-individual-biases/ [Accessed 16th August 2016] Richeson, J., Nussbaum, R. (2004). The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 40,pp. 417-423. Rudman, L., Ashmore, R., Gary, M. (2001). Unlearning automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 81, pp. 856-868. Wilson, T. D., Brekke, N. (1994). Mental contamination and mental correction: Unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations. Psychological Bulletin, vol. 116, pp. 117-142. Workingresources.com. (2016), The 8 Traps of Decision Making , Available at : https://www.workingresources.com/professionaleffectivenessarticles/the-8-traps-of-decision-making.html [Accessed 16th August 2016] Wolf, R.F., (2012), How to Minimize Your Biases When Making Decisions, Available at : https://hbr.org/2012/09/how-to-minimize-your-biases-when [Accessed 17th August 2016]