Analysis of the UK Confectionery Industry: Thorntons

Examination of the UK Confectionery Industry: Thorntons Candy store Industry In The UK Contributes A Major Amount Of Revenue To The Countrys Economy Section 1: Introduction Candy store industry in the UK contributes a significant measure of income to the countrys economy. Rehashed contextual investigations have uncovered that the dessert shop industry is ever developing and the interest for inventiveness and advancement in the items in progressively requested by the buyers in the UK advertise. Nearby, the development in the candy parlor industry has additionally brought about the firm rivalry among the players in the market with numerous worldwide contenders like Cadbury and Nestle. The development of increasingly engaged and specialty showcase focusing on organizations have likewise developed immensely in the UK, which incorporates organizations like Thorntons, Ferroro UK ltd, and so on. The hardened rivalry in the market and the expanded infiltration of the large players into different market sections has additionally upset the situation of organizations like Thorntons. This report is centered around the investigation of the advertising systems for Th orntons Plc and gives important recommendations to future development and techniques to increase upper hand in the UK chocolate showcase. The report intends to accomplish the accompanying goals To adequately fragment the objective market for Thorntons and recognize those segment(s) here the organization can successfully build up its business. To distinguish the significance of purchaser conduct and build up that the successful arrangement of purchaser conduct would enable the organization to comprehend its objective market in detail to pick up piece of the pie. Give suggestion to a fitting momentary limited time battle in the UK for expanding the mindfulness on the companys items in the objective market. Devise a deals or advancement battle for the organization so as to build its deals through concentrating on setting up the brand of Thorntons in the market as a solid contender. Present a basic investigation of the publicizing methodology referenced for the situation concentrate for Thorntons and gadget another promoting system that would incorporate an innovative media based arrangement so as to build the mindfulness among the clients in the objective market Additionally gadget a basic structure for the immediate showcasing plans so as to arrive at the more than 50 years portion of clients in the UK advertise. Part Overview Part 1: Introduction This is the current section that acquaints the peruser with the destinations of the report and the progression of the report text. Part 2: Market Segmentation and purchaser conduct This part first presents an examination available division and distinguishes those sections that the organization should focus upon for additional market development. This is then trailed by the diagram of the purchaser conduct and the utilization of purchaser conduct by the organization so as to increase upper hand in its objective market. Part 3: Advertising and Promotion This part first presents a conversation on a transient special crusade for the organization so as to build the familiarity with the items in the current objective market. This is then trailed by a point by point outline of the publicizing plan fusing innovative plans in the media based promoting so as to advance the results of the organization. This is then trailed by a basic examination on the immediate promoting system for more than 50 years fragment of clients in the UK so as to successfully arrive at that section of the market to expand the deals just as the piece of the overall industry. Part 4: Conclusion The destinations of the part are assessed against the exploration and examination led in the past sections and afterward an end is inferred dependent on the aftereffects of the investigation. Section 2: Market Segmentation and Buyer Behavior 2.1: Market Segmentation From the contextual investigation of the organization it is apparent that the significant fragments in the Chocolate showcase incorporate Check lines Formed Bars Boxed Chocolates Occasional Products and Stowed Self lines It is additionally obvious that the organization under discussion for example Thorntons Plc have some expertise in the production and offer of Boxed mainland chocolates in the UK and worldwide market. Thus the market fragment that the organization essentially works is under the sub area of the Boxed chocolates in the Chocolates business of the UK. A further division of the Boxed Chocolates advertise in the UK dependent on the cost and quality is introduced beneath The thousand and One Nights: Gender and Power Dynamics The thousand and One Nights: Gender and Power Dynamics Sexual orientation/POWER elements as found in The thousand and one evenings The Thousand and one Nights are an assortment of stories in the center east/south asia in the brilliant Islamic age. The stories are based on the individuals Shahrayar and Shahrazad. Sharazad utilizes her capacity of narrating to King sharayar to keep her and others shielded from being executed. All through the story we see that ladies are just observed as objects of joy as ladies just can clutch their capacity through sex,desire and excellence. Ladies in the narratives in the thousand and one evenings The thousand and one evenings utilizes Sharazad to speak to women's liberation similarly as with her intelligence and her method of narrating we perceive how she overwhelms herself and change Shahrayar.This comparing thought of womens job in the public arena and Shahrazad shows us the genuine worth that ladies have as they are simply equivalent to men. There is likewise a fascinating connection with sexual orientation/power dynamic and with class that is available in the thousand and o ne evenings. There is this normal topic in the accounts Shahrazad recounts sharayar the narratives can be named as misanthropic as a portion of the tales told highlight men who cause the destruction of ladies. A model being the short story The vendor and his better half. When perusing this story perusers may be very amazed on the message the story is attempting to pass on that men ought to have the option to beat their spouses so as to control them. From the start I was very confounded on why Shahrazad recounts to this particular story so as to change shahrayar yet then I found that she recounts to this story so as to show an impression of him and his activities. The genuine planned message was to show that beating ladies wont drive dutifulness. Recounting to this story shockingly really filled in as she didnt get killed by the lord the following day. In the Fisherman and the Jinni we are acquainted with a Jinni and Fisherman as this story worries on this thought of this force dynamic. In the story we are first acquainted with this angler who we see that this angler is close to the shores attempting to get fish for his family. We at that point see the angler reels in a brilliant container which then a Jinni comes out of. The Jinni at that point attempts to murder the angler yet neglects to do as such as the angler is then deceived to return into the container. We see this thought implanted in the statement Since I should bite the dust, he stated, before I pick the way of my passing, I invoke you honest to let me know whether you truly were in that container?' This statement itself makes perusers question the legitimacy of status in the public arena as this uncovers us how an angler is having a go at/intending to outmaneuver a Jinni. The angler is considered as an individual of such low status and him having the option to outmaneuv er such an incredible animal must mean something . Status is only a social build made by society and Shahrazad recounting to this story shows this.There is additionally this solid connection with Allah the story rotates around this thought on the off chance that you trust and have confidence in allah cooperative attitude consistently come to you. In one of the accounts The Woman Whose Hands Were Cut Off For that She Gave Alms to the Poorwe see an intriguing point with respect to the sexual orientation dynamic generally found in the thousand and one evenings. We see here an away from of how ladies can hang on their capacity other than things like sex,beauty and want. Rather we see the ladies clutching her capacity with her liberality. In the story we see here that a womans hand is sliced off in the wake of offering food to a helpless man. Later in the story this demonstration of liberality is the thing that spares her as the scene when she attempts to spare a child from suffocating the food that she provided for the elderly person comes and reestablishes her hands. Found in the story the intensity of liberality encourages her hold her capacity as a lady. We see this comparative idea in another story in the thousand and one evenings named The Miller and his Wife . Where the spouse utilized her knowledge to hold her capacity. Th e spouse in the story in the wake of discovering the mill operators long for the fortune utilizes this to attempt to draw in the consideration of her genuine sweetheart which is their neighbor. Having this trait causes her both increase her genuine sweetheart and disposing of her significant other. Be that as it may, the specific thing ladies were esteemed during this time defeats her and she neglects to get what she needs. Rather than clutching her capacity with her knowledge she allows her to cherish and sexual want for the neighbor defeat her in this way driving her both to lose her adoration and the fortune. In the Tale of Ala-al noise and the awesome light we see this part of sex/Power dynamic. Ladies are once in a while given voices and are just to be wanted by men. We are acquainted with this character named Ala-al-racket even is viewed as the hero is really a character that is loaded up with avarice. At the point when Ala-al-clamor initially meets with the genie and turns ala-al-racket who is viewed as a scoundrel into an all around regarded man just for his wealth. At the point when Ala-al clamor was changed into this new man we consider his to be ravenousness as he just needed to display with what he needed. His principle want was getting the rulers little girl regardless of her previously being hitched he makes an arrangement to her. This thought shows one of the framings of ladies in the thousand and one evenings as for this situation we see the little girl going about as an alluring item. Toward the finish of the story we are given this end which states Aladdin had won the heart s of the individuals by his delicate bearing. He was made chief of the Sultans armed forces, and won a few fights for him, yet r

Some thing has related about ENVI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Something has related about ENVI - Essay Example Interest for results of yield cultivating in Indiana is perfect. There is a functioning development sought after for results of yield cultivating. Additionally, the interest for ranch items imports is likewise high. This demonstrates the accessible gracefully of homestead items doesn't fulfill the present interest. Indiana spends between 1-9.9 billion dollars for ranch produce imports (Hicks, 2014). This raises worries about the homestead items creation limit of Indiana. Numerous backwoods have been cleared for making rural homesteads. A major level of woods land in Indiana is exclusive (Our Land Our Literature, 2014). Along these lines, there needs national control measures for deforestation. Deforestation has come about into diminished downpours and hence decreased agrarian efficiency. Besides deforestation likewise devastates the common natural surroundings of creatures and fowls. Despite the fact that associations, for example, Indiana Forest Alliance and Heartwood have come out to teach individuals on the need to stop deforestation, there is still a great deal to be finished. The backwoods spread in Indiana has decreased by 59% over the most recent thirty years (Alexander, 2013). The rural segment is at high threat of falling because of poor atmosphere. On the off chance that battles against deforestation are not completed, Indiana may spend in excess of 10 billion in imports for ranch items. In the case of nothing is done, the right now developing populace will undoubtedly encounter difficulties, for example, starvation and climbed costs of homestead items. Hicks, M. J. (2014). Key Economic Sectors in Indiana: State Overview. Recovered from Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State University. site:

Price Fixing Free Essays

The case was discharged in the mid-2006, where the Federal Trade Commission has pronounced that they are testing the individuals from the Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corporation or the PRAE (Commissions, 2006). This is a result of supposed value fixing coordinated efforts that they would charge on a few protection strategies and dental administrations that they offer. They have worked together and settled on concurrences with 30 different contenders, wherein they fixed their costs to the detriment of their purchasers. We will compose a custom article test on Value Fixing or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Along these lines, the FTC had to record a grumbling against this organization since it diminishes the opposition between these organizations, therefore greater expenses will be forced on the customers. This is an away from of the Federal Trade Commission Act, Section number 5. All together for this issue to be settled, The Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corp. should abstain from including in issues that advance anticompetitive lead in the coming years. Through this, the Federal Trade Commission will have the option to ensure that these dental administrations and other essential human services issues will be given and tended to at the purchasers at costs that they could bear. Keeping a serious domain in the part of human services will open up better open doors for the individuals, alongside lower serious costs. Leaving medicinal services alone cornered will prompt higher estimating and less upkeep, and would truly be a weight to the individuals, the buyers. That’s why these medicinal services suppliers and makers ought not go about as one; they ought not work together with one another in their evaluating, on the grounds that it removes the part of seriousness between them. The protests against Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corporation shows that in the year 2003, the organization has just started its haggling with their rivals, hence coming about to the extreme increment in five dental plans as of now. Another expansion happened during 2004, wherein the costs likewise went up in light of their haggling. As a result of these activities the ones who were imperiled were the individuals; they were the ones who worried about the concern of expanded rates, since these medicinal services issues is a need for everybody. The Federal Trade Commission examined that these uncommon changes in costs have no at all impact on the nature of administrations offered by the organization, in this way the extra costs were not so much legitimate. It doesn’t lead to a superior nature of social insurance, accordingly, it is just a loss in the piece of the purchasers. Given the circumstance, the Federal Trade Commission proposed an assent request which will be take care of the current issue. This will ideally mitigate the effect of the supposed anticompetitive activities by the Puerto Rico Association of Endodontists, Corporation and further keep it from happening once more. It would then prevent the organization to have any settlements or concurrences with different endodontists and haggle with any payor on the administrations that they offer, aside from appropriately orchestrated by the association. Reference: Commissions, F. T. (2006). FTC Charges Puerto Rico Endodontists With Price Fixing.â â Retrieved August 4, 2007  Instructions to refer to Price Fixing, Essay models

14 Magazine Layout Design Ideas for Your Inspiration

Thanks to the abundance of online design tools, magazine layout design is more accessible than ever. Print and digital layouts are becoming nearly interchangeable, since many magazines produce both versions these days. That means you can find awesome ideas anywhere and adapt them to your own projects. Related: 5 ways to monetize your online magazine If you want to create a professional-looking magazine that has a good balance of words, images, columns and sidebars, we've got some great resources for you today. Check out the 14 ideas below for a healthy dose of magazine layout inspiration! 1. Adventure Digital Magazine If your magazine features immersive photography, your layout should give more weight to imagery than words. The layout of this Adventure digital magazine template shows how to put your photos front and center while still balancing them with sections of text. And, as a digital magazine, this gives you the bonus option of scrolling text, so you can include long-form content without taking space away from the graphics. Ready to make your magazine?Create a free account to start designing today. Get started, it's free or sign up with google By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy 2. Aficionado e-Magazine Traditional publications tend to stay away from the horizontal magazine layout because it can be unwieldy to hold. But with the growing popularity of tablets and e-readers, designers are revisiting the concept. This Aficionado e-magazine template will give you a few ideas for orienting pages horizontally. Columns can split the page in half, be weighted more towards one side, or skipped altogether in favor of rich photography and breathable white space. 3. Azure Magazine What's great about the Azure magazine layout is how well it lends itself to color customization. The blocky columns and bold fonts ensure that it's always easy to read, so the sky is the limit in terms of color combinations. (Just remember to choose high contrast colors for text and backgrounds!) If you're designing for a strong brand, you can use their palette here. Another idea: it's well-known that colors can evoke particular emotions—so take advantage of psychology. 4. Connoisseur Food Magazine What stands out in the Connoisseur Food magazine layout is the use of colored sections to separate each page. There are so many possibilities, from a single column surrounded by photography to three narrow columns that jive side-by-side. It works vertically or horizontally, so you get a variety of layouts, with ample space to include mouth-watering close-ups of delicious dishes. Ready to make your magazine?Create a free account to start designing today. Get started, it's free or sign up with google By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy 5. Introspective Digital Magazine Never underestimate the power of this design concept: less is more. It certainly holds true for the Introspective digital magazine layout, which takes advantage of space and contrast to leave a strong impression. Stark, black-and-white photography and fonts serve this layout particularly well. And because it's digital, scrolling text and rich media (like video) can be included. Try it with film noir! 6. Money Fake Magazine Cover Have you ever wondered what it feels like to be on the cover of a magazine? The Money fake magazine cover is a chance to have a little fun with the traditional cover layout. We all know the formula: a large portrait situated front and center, underneath the masthead and surrounded by intriguing teasers for the articles inside. Even the details are correct here, such as date and issue number, as well as a UPC code at the bottom. 7. New Yorker Business Magazine The New Yorker business magazine layout is primarily black and white, but it adds a pop of vibrant red for powerful emphasis. Its thin font and art-deco touches set it apart from the monochrome intensity of the Introspective layout in #5. Note the expansive cushions of white space, especially in the single-column layout which features scrolling text with a single quote spotlighted on either side. 8. On the Road Magazine There are several elements to like in the On the Road magazine layout. First are the pages with a white border around the content, which evoke in the mind of its readers a nostalgia for the Polaroid picture. If that sounds a little too vintage for your taste, check out how one page cuts two photos together with no border at all. The juxtaposition is intriguing, providing only a narrow slice of a view that sparks imagination. 9. Open Air Online Magazine True to its name, the Open Air online magazine layout leaves plenty of room for airy background photos. Adding transparency to the content blocks and bringing them in from the margins a little bit provides that sense of depth. The pages are open windows; it feels like the content is floating in front of the natural vistas. It's a neat visual trick that works especially well with scrolling columns, a design advantage unique to digital magazine layouts. Ready to make your magazine?Create a free account to start designing today. Sign up free or sign up with google By signing up you agree to our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy 10. Seasons Digital Magazine Digital layouts don't have to look amateur, as this Seasons digital magazine layout proves. It's possible to craft elegant, sophisticated content that still feels as though it belongs on a screen, oriented horizontally instead of vertically. The juxtaposition of serif copy with sans-serif headlines creates a stylistic identity that's both traditional and modern—a comfortable in-between place for those of us who grew up with the rise of the internet. 11. Showcase Travel Magazine The Showcase travel magazine layout is designed for readability above all else. There is a clear division between pages dedicated to photography and pages dedicated to copy. For a travel magazine, this is a wise choice, because viewers can more easily immerse themselves in faraway vistas without distraction. The same can also be said of diving into the exciting narratives which accompany such photos. Not every subject is well-served by this stark separation, but for travel, it's a perfect fit. 12. Trendsetter Fashion Magazine Like in art, sometimes the best designs are those which purposefully ignore the rules. For example, much is made of the color wheel and matching complementary tones into combinations that please the eye. But how much more impactful is it to pair a hot pink or bright yellow with scenes that would normally be considered tranquil? A look at the Trendsetter fashion magazine layout illustrates the possibilities. If your magazine explores the avant-garde, it's worth considering how font and color choices can convey your position on the outer edges of sensibility. 13. Tropic Magazine Cover Designing a magazine cover need not be a complicated affair. Readers are accustomed to magazine covers looking a certain way, and they can scan covers more efficiently when designers follow a similar formula. This Tropic magazine cover exemplifies the typical layout in a simple and well-balanced way. It's easy to succumb to clutter, but this layout uses a minimal design that still includes the necessities: the title, the headlining article, two featured pieces, and photography. 14. Urban Print Magazine Like a newspaper, the Urban print magazine layout divides itself into many columns, presenting dense and information-rich content for its readers to scan or consume at their own pace. If you've struggled with creating readable layouts that feature multiple columns, this layout offers a wealth of examples. Headers, sub-headers, block quotes, and numbered lists all serve as valuable tools for pulling eyes down the page. Creating your own magazine layouts can feel like an intimidating task, but it becomes much easier when you take a look at all the great design ideas already out there. Borrowing a little bit here and a little bit there will help you build something totally new and unique—plus, it can inspire you to come up with tricks of your own! We hope these magazine layouts provide a solid foundation for you to make designs that reflect your own artistic flair. Ready to start designing your own magazine? Get a head start in our gallery for free magazine templates & layouts.

2.2.1 Power Culture . Handy (1993) Alleges That A Power

2.2.1 Power culture Handy (1993) alleges that a power culture depends on a central power source which consists of only a few people. This power centre controls all operations, but this control only functions up to a certain organization size. Beyond this point, the control of the centre collapses. Harrison (1972) examines further that a power culture is characterized by a highly competitive mindset. Therefore, this culture avoids being subject to any regulation and people within the organization try to retain their power at any cost. However, this characteristic enables them to thrive in a highly competitive environment. Another aspect of this culture type is its pronounced hierarchy. Information must pass through many layers before a†¦show more content†¦This goal is the most important aspect and nothing shall prohibit its attainment. Indeed, the downside of this attitude is that employees do not hesitate to break rules (Harrison, 1972). In contrast to the last two cultures, authority is only accepted when it contributes to the goal’s achievement. That implies that the culture is decentralized and therefore it can adapt to external changes rapidly. That is one of its key strengths (Harrison, 1972). However, this also means that this culture has difficulties in producing economies of scale (Handy, 1993). Furthermore, this type rewards personal commitment (Handy, 1993), but once a person’s knowledge becomes obsolete, they are expected to leave (Harrison, 1972). Therefore, while providing development opportunities, the individuals’ economic security is rather low. Due to its emphasis on agility (Handy, 1993), this culture thrives in fast-paced environments. Research teams (Harrison, 1972) or advertising agencies (Handy, 1993) are likely to exhibit such a culture. Matrix culture This type is a merger of role and task culture. Harrison (1972) argues that the internal conflict between the need for swift reaction to external changes (task) and internal integration (role) could lead to a matrix culture. 2.2.4 Person culture It was distinctive for the three preceding types that the people serve the organization but within a person culture the organization serves the people.

The Dsm 5 Bipolar And Related Disorders - 1693 Words

The DSM-5(2013) section on Bipolar and related disorders includes diagnoses for Bipolar I disorder, Bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, substance/medication induced bipolar and related disorder, bipolar and related disorder due to another medical condition, other specified bipolar and related disorder and unspecified bipolar and related disorder there is no classification for pediatric or early onset bipolar disorder. Though there is the following statement â€Å"the recognition that many individuals, particularly children and, to a lesser extent, adolescents, experience bipolar-like phenomenon that do not meet the criteria for bipolar I, bipolar II, or cyclothymic disorder is reflected in the availability of the other specified bipolar and related category. Indeed, specific criteria for a disorder involving short-duration hypomania are provided in Section III in the hope of encouraging further study of this disorder.† (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) . For D SM-5(2013) diagnosis purposes pediatric bipolar disorder would seem to fall under 296.89 Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorders presentation 3 which is Hypomanic episode without prior major depressive episode. This presentation describes clients who have had one or more manic episodes but has not met the full criteria for a major depressive or manic episode. Fristad MacPherson (2014) discuss that Bipolar disorder once was thought to be a disorder of adulthood but recently research has suggestedShow MoreRelatedLearning Project : Bipolar Disorder1666 Words   |  7 Pages Learning Project: Bipolar Disorder Brianna Parker Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania â€Æ' Learning Project: Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a very intense disorder and many people struggle with dealing with it on a day to day basis. According to the A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia (2013), bipolar disorder is a brain disorder that can affect your behavior, emotions, and wellness. Bipolar disorder symptoms are more severe than a personal just experiencing a bad day. They consistentlyRead MoreEssay On Iv886 Words   |  4 PagesHighlights of changes from the DSM-IV_TR to DSM-5 Terminology: â€Å"General medical condition† has been replaced with â€Å"another medical condition† where relevant across all disorders. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS. Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder), The term mental retardation was used in the DSM-IV, now the proper term is Intellectual Disability, this term has been used by professionals and the lay public for the last two decades. There is a federal state law (Rosa’s Law) thatRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Nursing : Bipolar Disorders1348 Words   |  6 PagesDellisa Gordon Clinical Symposium April 27, 2016 Bipolar Disorder and Nursing The central focus of this paper will be Bipolar disorder and how it relates to nursing. Bipolar disorder can be classified into two sections: bipolar I and bipolar II. 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In order to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder one must meet a number of negative and positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia, these negative symptoms include: false beliefs that are not based in reality, alteration in sensory perceptions, alteration in thought processes, abnormal motor behavio r, and a range of symptoms that reduce the person’s ability to functionRead MoreBipolar And Related Disorders ( Bipolar )1289 Words   |  6 Pages Bipolar and related disorders Justin Rodriguez Professor Hanselman Social Psychological Counseling Cumberland County College April 21, 2015 April 21, 2015 Abstract Bipolar Disorder (BD), also known as manic depression, is a mood disorder that is thought to affect some 5.5 million Americans, or 2.6 percent of the population (Treatment Advocacy Center). This paper explores Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder, their features, and treatments. Also discussed is the progression of BipolarRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar And Related Disorder1246 Words   |  5 Pages Abstract The following research paper will exposed the most common symptoms, diagnostic and therapy, in the treatment for Bipolar and Related Disorder due to Another Medical condition. Bipolar and Related disorder, is characterized by symptoms that occur in distinct episodes with periods of normal mood in between. Most of the time there is no clear pattern of when or how frequently manic or when or how often they alternate with depressive episodes will be produced. Mood swings can occur overRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1289 Words   |  6 PagesAfter class discussion, it became apparent that individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) can have occupations and can interact normally with others if the disorder is kept under control or manage by psychopharmacological interventions. The lability that can be seen during the manic episodes may be puzzling or irritating to those who are not familiar with the different signs and symptoms that a person may display during this phase. In view of the unpredictability or lability that individuals with BDRead MoreComplex Integrated Psychiatric Disorders1475 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: COMPLEX DISORDERS Complex Integrated Psychiatric Disorders Kathleen Owens, MSN, FNP-C University of Cincinnati â€Æ' Complex Integrated Psychiatric Disorders Psychiatric mood disorders of such as Bipolar are often complex to diagnosis. Bipolar I is differentiated from Bipolar II by a history of at least one manic episode in a person’s life, with Bipolar II being diagnosed and characterized by a history of major depression with at least one episode of hypomania (Sadock, Sadock,Read MoreEssay On Children With Explosive Anger Outbursts952 Words   |  4 PagesDSM-5 is children with explosive anger outbursts and has persistent irritability; DSM-5 can also present many different psychiatric illnesses. The scientific support for DSM-5 comes from studies of the related but not identical to severe mood dysregulation. The diagnosis has criteria for frequency (three outbursts per week), persistence, duration, and age. Negative moods like depressed, angry, sad, irritable, or low frustration tolerance was present in 8-13% of the school-aged children. About 25%Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1648 Words   |  7 PagesBisecti ng Bipolar Disorder Introduction and Background Overview 3.9% of adults in the United States are suffering from bipolar disorder as of 2014 according to the National Institute of Mental Health (Jann, 2014). Although rare, it is still a prevalent disease in the realm of mental health and requires special attention from healthcare providers. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition described by repeated manic or depressive episodes. Furthermore, due to the extreme mood swings and emotional

The Five Stages of Team Development free essay sample

1. Background theory The theory of Tuckman (1965) ‘five stages of team development’ is based on the process of a group coming together, getting to know each other, developing a group dynamic and after all working together as a whole team where everyone benefits from each other. The five stages start with  ´forming ´, this stage means the very first moment the team meets each other, so at this moment they have not met each other and they have no expectations of each other but rather they are there to learn about each other, like Gina Abudi (2010) says in her case study they are  ´feeling each other out ´. Moreover in the second stage  ´storming ´, the team already knows each other however they still need to compete for their status. They have already began to work together but they are still finding each other ´s place in the group. At this moment the role of the team leader is essential as he/she needs to control the situation and make sure that everyone feels accepted, equal a nd understood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Five Stages of Team Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the third stage  ´norming ´, the team starts to work as a group already. They are not competing with each other but now the goal is clearer for them and every person in the team wants to reach it as effectively as possible, therefore the team is co-operating a lot and looking for cohesion. Furthermore in the fourth stage  ´performing ´, the group is functioning perfectly and no disruptions are happening. There is a golden path everyone follows and all the work and co-operation is done smoothly with trust and respect. At this moment, if there is a problem/conflict there is no need for the team leader to get involved, the group will solve it by themselves. Lastly, the fifth stage  ´adjourning ´, is the last stage when everyone is evaluating themselves and each other. They start to feel the belonging however they know that everyone will go their own ways. At this moment every team member would decide for themselves who they would want to work with in the future. At the last stage a goodbye party is often held by the team leader where everyone can eva luate the project together and have fun. Scenario I have chosen to use the case study for my scenario analysis. I have assumed that Mohammed has continued on non-communication at the 3rd  ´norming ´ stage.  This has created a lot of frustration among the whole team and the team leader, Sandra, has decided to quit her job as she could not handle the situation anymore. So now the team is with Peter, Sarah, Mohammed, Donna and Ameya. They all know each other ´s skills but are not progressing as Mohammed is not co-operating, which means that they have fallen back to the storming stage where they are competing with each other on who would be the next team leader. Peter, with the most experience stands up and starts to control the team. However the rest of the group think that Mohammed should still communicate more and even Peter is not able to get a hold of him. They are still stuck on the same stage. Moreover by voting they have decided to get a new team leader in order to proceed in this project effectively, even though it means that they would start from the beginning  ´forming ´ stage as there would be a new person coming in, they still think that it is worthwhile risking, as there is a big need for a strong team leader. After all they have fallen back one step again, dropping from the norming stage they are back to the forming stage with a new leader. However at this point, as fast as they have got to known their team leader and she has got to known them and the issues in the team have been announced to her, they can jump back to the norming stage as no competing is required anymore. From this point on, the new team leader has everything under control and she is paying extra attention to Mohammed ´s interaction with the rest of the group. Slowly they start to develop a good team which can rely on each other and even Mohammed has got his feet on the ground. The performing stage is rather a big improvement from what they were and in the adjourning phase they have a lot to evaluate as a group. After all they all seemed to have good time, and the new team leader brought in a lot of confidence. Especially for Mohammed the adjourning phase, when he looks back to his actions is a lesson learnt. Even though he has a lot of experience he just reminds himself that he always needs someone else to mind about him in order for him to interact with others. He trusts himself too much with 8 years of experience.

Suicide Solution Essays (522 words) - Suicide, Assisted Suicide

Suicide Solution I'm about to take up a position which is going to be deamed by some, if not all, as a terrible stand to take. As a matter of fact, if anyone were to agree with me on ths subject, I'd be surprsed. For you see, rather than arguing from the postion of suicide being an unjustified and inane way to die, I shall argue the other point. That being suicide does have its merits. Before you people start screaming, hear my case out. Most people argue that nothing justifies the taking of someone's life. Yet what makes life so valuable? Why do people cling to it so? All we consist of is a bunch of carbon atoms, bound together to form an exoskeleton, organs, and tissue. In this light, there really is not much to life. Out of the 5 billion who inhabit the planet, very few of them shall emerge to be true world leaders. The rest will just lead a mediocre life of work and little play. The taking of ones life can be argued from a populistic view as well. It makes little sense to preserve life in an over populated world. True, one less person here on there will not make a large dent. Yet if everyone who attempts or had attempted suicide were not stopped, the impact would be noticed. Another popular argument for stoppers, people who want to prevent suicide, is that nothing can be bad enough. Yet how do they know this? They do not have to put up with the same stuff the suicide victim does everyday. How could they possibly know what the potential suicide victim feels. Just as a severely burned victim may wish to be allowed to die in peace, the suicide victim wishes the same. To die in peace with no argument from others. The argument of "look at the people you will hurt" also does not hold. Imidiate family members will be the only ones to suffer any great pain. Friends will go on with thier lives and in time forget about the death. Imidiate family too will forget the loss in time. Although it will take most considerably longer for them than it will for friends. Finaly, the argument of suicide being selfish is hard to grasp. Selfish in whose eyes? Certainly not the eyes of the victim. To them, they consider it selfish of others to try and preserve their life. Again, the argument of the stoppers don't know what the victim has to go through. They are not the ones enduring the pain. Religious people also crop up into the debate. Catholics claim that for someone to committ suicide sneds their soul straight to Hell. In many religions, suicide is considered taboo. However why is this so? Why should it be looked upon as disgracefull, when some religions claim death the be the reward for people after their time on earth is done. Suicide is an issue which should be examined at by all angles. Not just from the angle that it is "wrong". End of debate. Rather it should be looked at from the point of view that "yes" for some people, they should be allowed to die in peace. --------------------------------------------------------------

Interpersonal Communication Essay

Interpersonal Communication Essay Interpersonal Communication Essay Kristen Simmel September 14th, 2014 Communications 203 Odenweller Interpersonal Communication Analysis and Critique Scenario: The situation that I observed was a conversation between my two roommates Kayla and Nicolette. The conversation took place in our apartment located on Beechurst Ave. It was a cool day saturday afternoon when the conversation was taking place. Nicolette and Kayla ended up arguing about a problem that has been going on in our apartment since we moved in. Nicolette was disappointed in Kayla leaving the kitchen a mess. She was also upset with Kayla by her not cleaning up after herself. This included dirty dishes that filled the sink, leaving the garbage full and her not cleaning up her explosion in the microwave. Nicolette was furious and ended up speaking up for herself, by telling Kayla that she can’t live like this any more. Kayla didn’t know that this was happening and she felt very alone. Nicolette ended up telling Kayla that if she doesn't clean up after herself there is going to be consequences. Nicolette was on the verge of finding another roommate that can clean u p after herself. The argument went on for about 30 minutes. At the end of the conversation both Nicolette and Kayla started to cry. There was a lot of tension in our apartment. Nonverbal Communication: Nonverbal communication is any symbolic activity that communicates a message other then words. During the conversation between Nicolette and Kayla. I observed many concepts of nonverbal communication. It started off by Nicolette giving Kayla the silent treatment. They made no eye contact and things started to get â€Å"weird† around the apartment. Being the third roommate, I was even concerned about what was going on between them. I felt awkward walking into my own apartment because Nicolette and Kayla weren’t talking for the past few weeks. The dynamic aspect of nonverbal communication was portrayed by Kayla and Nicolette not making any eye contact. Nicolette was giving Kayla â€Å"dirty† looks behind her back. Including shaking her head and rolling her eyes when Kayla wasn’t looking. Nicolette’s tone of voice also changed into a deeper tone. This caused Nicolette to become more upset and angry with Kayla because of the mess she keeps on making. Th is brought out her expressions that she is bothered by Kayla not cleaning up after herself. The static aspect of nonverbal communication was portrayed by Nicolette leaving the kitchen a mess and waiting to see when the next time Kayla will clean up after herself. Nicolette also left the living room a mess because she was mad that Kayla wasn’t contributing to the â€Å"cleanliness† of the apartment. There were a lot of symbols that made it clear the Nicolette was upset with Kayla. Nonverbal communication was a big part of the conversation between my two roommates. Expectancy Violation Theory: During the interaction between Kayla and Nicolette, the Expectancy Violation Theory was shown during their conversation. Expectancy Violation Theory is a communication theory which tries to explain the unexpected behaviors of human beings while interacting. It also relates to reactions with other people and other people violating another person’s personal space. This theory works because humans have a natural expectancy outlook on life, which causes their expectations to be violated at times. This conversation showed the Expectancy Violation Theory. Nicolette is afraid to confront Kayla about her filthy living habits. She is terrified Kayla will destroy her belongings and blow up in her face. Nicolette just keeps using her side of nonverbal communication by giving her looks behind her back and the silent treatment. I’m tired of living with this awful tension between my two roommates. It has caused me to become so upset that I don’t even want to go home to my own apartment. It has also made things very awkward around the house. I thought about what was going on for a while and tried to figure out a way to stop

Retrofitting Suburbia How to turn undefined, unstructured places into Dissertation

Retrofitting Suburbia How to turn undefined, unstructured places into legible, coherent, accessible spaces and the effects - Dissertation Example These areas have a pragmatic and emotional significance for every citizen (Lynch, 1960). Legibility can be defined as the facility with which symbols can be interpreted. Legibility is effectively the facility with which individuals comprehend the perspective of a location. In composing questionnaire surveys, Lynch delineated a format of interpreting legibility based on five components. These components are recognized as Thoroughfares, borders. Districts, Landmarks and Hubs. These were delineated as follows: Thoroughfares Thoroughfares are venues of travel which are familiar to the citizenry. These are the venues by which the individuals regularly, occasionally or possibly transport themselves. Examples of thoroughfares are: pathways, transit routes and railroad modes of transport. The consistency of the thoroughfare is reliant upon its dimensions, its inclination and the occupations which occur upon it (Lynch, 1960). Borders Borders can be defined as the limits which are formed from one part of the city to another. Borders can be characterized as coastlines, natural and man made geographical socio economic and political limitations. The consistency of the borders in a municipal environment is reliant upon the man made or geographical parameters of the limits which are assigned to a municipality (Lynch, 1960). Districts Districts are characterized by the distinction in geographical location, the architecture of which they are composed, the socio economic, geographical and political characteristics by which they are formed and the occupations which take place within them. The consistency of a district is reliant upon its population, its geographical location, the socio economic and the aspects of the citizenry which occupy it. Examples of districts are commercial areas, historical areas which are reserved for recreational purposes such as parks, commercial and cultural areas of activity within a municipality (Lynch, 1960). Landmarks Landmarks are geographical poi nts of reference which are mutually recognized by the individuals in a city as being frames of references. A landmark may be a natural characteristic of the city, a location of historical importance represented by a commemorative aspect or a construction which is outstanding in its characteristic which is outstanding in its environment. Examples of landmarks may be hills, historical monument, facilities in the municipality which are mutually recognized among the other buildings and geographical aspects of the environment (Lynch, 1960). Hubs Hubs are recognized as being the centers of activity in a municipality. There are characterized by the activities which occur within the. A municipality may be characterized as a hub if it has connections with other municipalities in the area by means of commerce, socio political activity, population density, cultural and transport characteristics of interconnection with other areas (Lynch, 1960). The Formation of Mental Maps An individualâ€℠¢s perception of their surrounding is defined as mental map. A mental map is the individual’s paradigm of their recognized surroundings. Mental maps can be researched by requesting direction to a landmark, path, edge or hub. They can also be characterized by an individual’

Human Resources- Compensation and Benefits Essay

Human Resources- Compensation and Benefits - Essay Example An analysis of the types of non-financial rewards that could be introduced and how this may affect retention. An analysis of the view on bonus arrangements and any recommendations in terms of required changes. Detailed recommendations to the issues raised will be given to the Director of Reward at the end of the report. 1.1 The organisation’s current reward strategy MI currently uses the extrinsic rewards strategy to compensate its employees for the contribution they make towards its viability. Basically, extrinsic rewards include direct compensation, indirect compensation as well as non financial rewards (Robbins, 1993). Direct compensation in this case includes a basic wage salary, bonuses based on performance as well as profit sharing. Apart from the high basic salaries being earned by the traders in this particular case of MI, the bank also calculate their rewards on overall profitability of the trading operation and this entails that they get anything between 30 and 50 % of what they have earned in profit for the Bank. Performance bonuses significantly contribute to the package earned by the dealers and these motivate them to put optimum performance in their operations. It can also be noted that all dealers currently attract a package of benefits including a company car, healthcare and pension contributions. Grobbler (1998) suggests that these can be awarded to the employees on the basis of their performance. The traders are treated as the most valued assets to the bank as they may leave if they are not satisfied with the reward system for their performance. As such, their rewards are designed in such a way that they will appeal to their interests which in turn can lead to their retention in the organisation. It can be observed that the major strategy used by the bank to offer rewards is based on overall profitability of the bonds that have been sold. The traders are entitled to get a certain percentage of the profit as their bonus. However, the ext ernal environment plays a significant role in shaping this strategy. The strategy is influenced by gathering and analysing competitor information so as to come up with the best reward strategy. In this case, MI tries to remain on top of other organisations hence it seeks to differentiate its rewards strategy from other competitors. The organisation is compelled to offer the best reward on the basis of the situation obtaining in the environment. The level of performance of the economy also shapes this strategy since bonuses are calculated on the basis of overall profitability of the trading operation. In the event that the bonds sold have poorly performed, this entails that their rewards will be lower which shows that the external environment has a bearing on the strategy of rewards. Though there is no direct government intervention in the operations of banks with regards to their reward systems, it can be noted that more financial institutions are becoming wary of not rewarding undu e risk taking. For instance, the recent Turner report contributes to the mounting pressure for financial organisations to review their bonus systems in order to protect the interests of the shareholders. These are some of the external factors that shape the rewarding strategy by MI. 2.0 What motivates the dealing team? Since the dealing team has a very little loyalty to the

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Nigeria Essay Basically, Nigeria is a plural society and heterogeneous in virtually all the facet of life. The custom and tradition of Nigerians is so diverse to the extent that Nigeria as a country is now confronted with the problem of religion and ethnicity towards their political stability. The origin and history of ethnic conflict (societal wars and violence) can be traced from eternal (internal) state rivalry to external (physical). And its root cause is not very far from power competition and decision making over economic resources and other important human factor, like position. The implementation process has always involved more than one or two persons. In general concept, the author of this work traces conflict back to the first and early Patriarchal of human history and ever since then, there has been an increase (in various dimensions) of Conflict in the face of human world. Some are personal (internal) conflict, family, community, and group, intellectual, state, national and international in nature, to mention but few. In conforming to this idea, Badawi (2006) in his statement titled â€Å"World Apart† stated thus, â€Å"indeed the greatest discord today is among the descendants of Abraham. These are the people of the book, the followers of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, who had in fact shared a common beginning in the religion of Abraham†. In shedding more light in the above statement, Badawi statement goes far beyond religion, rather, he was tracing one of the earliest source of conflict which Badawi mentioned the off-springs of the said Abraham. Even before Abraham, there had been conflict, so it is as old as human history down to the Abrahamic period, to ancient kingdoms, Dukes, and Kings. In about 88 B. C. , King Mithriadates VI of Pontus invaded Roman territory in Asian Minor. He advised Asian debtors to kill their Roman creditors. Happy to reduce their credit card bills, the Asians massacred 80,000 Romans. Ethno-political conflicts have greatly shaped our present world and of course have its structural phenomenon, (William Easterly, 2001). For instances, the conflict we now call Israeli and Palestinian war, has been an ever-lengthening sort. The Assyrian, Babylonian war, by King Nebuchadnezzar of the hanging Garden in history, the Persia war, Alexander the Great (the Macedonian mad man in history), the German war of Adolf’s. Hitler, the Roman wars, narrowing all these down, we came to the horn of African continent which seem to be an epidemic field of conflicts of diverse kinds till date. The giant-lion of African continent, just like the origin of conflict is said to have stated very old in human history, even so in the case of Nigeria, which can be traced to the colonial period of history. Conflict takes different sizes and shapes with diverse reasons and purposes. Majority of the conflicts takes time before their escalation and at such, could have been transformed right at their respective early stages. The history of ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria is also traced back to the colonial transgressions that forced the ethnic groups of the northern and southern provinces to become an entity called Nigeria in 1914. In the case of Nigeria situation, disturbing history of colonialism, this generated hatred and conflict among different ethnic groups. The task of addressing this seed of conflict planted by the British has been a complex one. After weakening the former diverse kingdoms, Emperors, etc now called Nigeria and reordering the groups’ politics, the colonial powers failed in nation building and providing for the peoples basic needs. Hence, unemployment, poverty increase, and due to these, conflict over scarce resources ensue. The Southern and Northern protectorates were also being amalgamated into a nation. Thereafter, the merging of different colonies into one country called Nigeria was forcefully done without the peoples consent. This was a major seed of conflict that is still troubling Nigeria today. This article is focused on the historical incidents of ethnic conflicts in within Nigeria societies, the cause of the conflicts and perhaps, the government actions towards ethnic conflict in the country. In conclusion, this paper will explore into decision-making (by the elites and those in authority) process has contributed immensely in generating the syndromes of conflict in the said state. The Nigerian political situation has witnessed more breaking of heads, than counting them. In fact, even when it has been convenient for heads to be counted, the outcome has always been the breaking of heads instead. Conflict in Nigeria is so intense because of lack of democratic behaviour. The head of the individual in the democratic context signifies citizenship. So when heads are broken in the Nigerian political community, the issue in respect of broken heads is citizenship. If conflict in Nigeria means the absence of democratic behaviour, it follows, therefore, that conflict in Nigeria is interwoven with the absence of democratic governance. Gurr (2000): has also shown that the incidence of conflicts at the global level declined in recent years with the deepening of democratisation. Nation-states where conflicts persist are those where what obtains is the democratisation of disempowerment (Ake 1996). Beyond the veneer of elections, the state remains ambushed, privatised, repressive and unpopular. The people who were tantalised by the prospect of a democratic revolution that would terminate decades of alienation and pauperisation have been short changed and given a ‘choice less democracy’ (Mkandawire 1999). The ‘credibility gap’ which fostered the De-linkage of the people from the state, and ignited social forces to struggle for democracy, is not being bridged (Rothchild 1995: 58). African peoples out of clear rational calculations sans atavistic attachments have turned their backs on the state ‘and given their loyalty to sub-national social formations such as the community, the sub nationality or ethnic groups’ (Ake 2000: 114). It is against this backdrop that the proliferation and exacerbation of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria in the post-transition period can be appreciated. This article adopts an analytical framework that holds that The interface between ethnicity and democratisation is found in absence of effective citizenship and good governance in post-transition societies. In the circumstance that democracy does not go beyond the conduct of multiparty elections to include improvement in the quality of life of the people, there is frustration, and people who already feel alienated from the state are vulnerable and likely to be mobilised around counter-elites who exploit extant popular alienation from the state by whipping up sectarian sentiments. This has been the case in Nigeria and several multi-ethnic states of Africa (Osaghae 1994). Although the foregoing theoretical discussion has focused on ethnicity, the term ethno-religious is adopted because some of the recent violent conflicts to be examined were triggered by religious issues. The relevance of religion is also underlined by the fact that in Nigeria ethnic boundaries tend to coincide with religion, with the exception of the Yoruba ethnic group (Ibrahim 1999). The Nigeria state was amalgamated in the year 1914 by lord lugard. The various geographical areas or territory which was amalgamated to form Nigeria by the colonialist comprises of various cleavages, clans, towns even there were kingdoms and chiefdoms with diverse culture, language, religion, norms values, customs and political structures etc. The focus of the research monogram is to examine the role of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria nascent democracy. In Nigeria especially, religion plays a very vital and influential role in the society that has manifested itself as a potent force in the political development of the Nigerian state from pre-independence to post-independence. Hardly can the Nigerian state be talked about without reference to religion (Kukah, 1994; Falola, 1990; Kenny, 2006; International IDEA, 2000; Suberu, 2009). However, religion in Nigeria, at different levels, is mostly mentioned in negative terms. Or rather, historical events linked to religion tilts more towards its negative than its positive contribution to the Nigerian state. The Jihad, the civil war propaganda, the Sharia law controversy, the tensions provoked by the Nigerian accession to the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) and the incessant religious crises that have engulfed the Northern part mainly indicate that religion cannot be ignored or wished away in the Nigerian political development. Several religious crises have occurred in Nigeria. They have been documented as academic dissertations for some of them. This piece of work does not intend to start the discourse on religious violence anew but only recognizes the fact that as a recurrent phenomenon it is worth being explored further. Thus â€Å"Boko Haram† menace which gained global recognition and even press support ranging from July 2009 till date is a the central focus of this study together with other riots which has engulfed the Nigeria state from 1999 till date which most Nigeria educated elite believed that religion and ethnicity were the basic causes. The educated elite have conducted series of research on what the causes of this violent riots maybe. Most have concluded that it can be traced and linked to the failure of governance in Nigeria. 1. 2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS The mistake of 1914 has polarised the Nigeria society together with its citizens in which loyalty to the State is a mirage instead people pay loyalty to their various families and ethnic groups the effect of this can be traced to 1967 civil-war which disintegrate the country or in the political system which almost lead to secession of the country with the easterner believed to be the aggrieved ethnic in the war. Similarly Nigeria has a long history of religious crisis which has affected the political instability of Nigeria. The maintasine riot of 1980 can be said to be the first major religious riot in Nigerian history, claiming about 800 lives. The Boko Haram insurgence in the northern part of the country which has been directed mainly against the Christians, they have suffered a lot both physically, psychologically, economically, spiritually and even politically in the far North which has led political writers and pundits to affirm that Boko Haram conflict has its roots in Religion. The thrust of this work will be to examine the underlying reasons behind political instability in Nigeria using religion and ethnicity as a paradigm. 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The study will cover the impacts of religion and ethnicity towards the stabilization or in- stabilization of the Nigeria political system it will cover how religion and ethnicity have impacted on the political stability of Nigeria. Furthermore the study will emphasize more on the role the government is playing in stabilizing the un-stabilized country. 1. 4OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The following can be regarded as the aims and objective of the study 1. To know the meaning of religion, ethnicity, political stability, and political instability 2. To know how religion and ethnicity have negatively impacted on Nigerian political development 3. To develop possible solutions and panaceas to the problems of religions and ethnicity to Nigerian political in-stability 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1 What meaning does religion, ethnicity and political instability carries 2 How has religion and ethnicity impacted on the political stability of Nigeria 3 what are the possible solutions to the problem of religion and ethnicity in Nigeria political system 1. 6 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY Many a developing countries of the world are currently experiencing the problems which ethnicity and religion have caused. The ethnic problem which led to the apartheid era in South Africa is also the same ethnicity and religion problem which has almost disintegrated the Nigerian State. Recalling back to what happen during the civil war in the late sixties and early seventies which led to the introduction of the national youth service corp. by the then military president General Yakubu Gowon which aim at integrating back the almost disintegrated country. Books, Journals, Magazines, Pamphlets, and lot of researches have been written and carried out respectively on the issue of ethnicity and religion, and its impact on the Nigeria political stability. This research work will serve as an additional material to the issue on ethnicity and religion to political instability in Nigeria, this work will focus more on ethnicity and religion and its impact on Nigerian politics 1. 7RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology will be based on secondary data collections ranging from books, Journals Newspapers, News Magazines, Pamphlets and even the Internet. In conducting any research basically there are two methodologies employed by researchers which are the primary and the secondary methods. This research work will be basically conducted using the secondary methodology as earlier mentioned. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMS Ethnicity: According to the oxford advance learners dictionary ethnicity can simply mean â€Å"the fact of belonging to a particular race† from the dictionary meaning we can deduced the fact that Humans believed in race and they have passion for race which leads to humans ethnocentrism i. e. highly ethnocentric in nature. Ethnicity has a strategic interaction of persons and other actors, who have different beliefs, attitude’s, values and goals as they decide particular conflict the distribution of resource’s and general issues of political rules within a context of norms, expectations and institutions. Any of the rule, expectation and institutions may be reversed, maintained or inverted by the individual who win the right to control them, in the course of those political negotiations that are sometimes called cooperation, and sometimes called war, and are usually somewhere between the two. In another sense, ethnic identity are political resources just like money or vote. Instrumentalist like Micheal Banton and Micheal Hecthtar, argue that ethnic identity are not inherent in group or socio-formation of people. They see ethnic identity as socio-capital brought to bear on the political negotiation table by different groups and at different times. Hutchinson and Smith also argue that ethnic identity are an important resource that political Elite employ in securing the support of the masses as a strategy for gaining a desired good. These goods and or goals are â€Å"measured in terms of wealth, power, and status and†¦ joining or national communities helps to secure these ends either by influencing the state, or in certain situations, through secession. Religion: religion on its own part can be regarded as the belief in the existence of God or gods and the activity that are connected in the worship of them. Religion can also be stress further by meaning one of the system of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods. For example the Jewish religion, Christianity Islam and other world religion. Furthermore in the classical and ancient ages religion has achieved a lot in their politics for example the doctrine of Islam was used in many Arab nations has their constitution even up till the present age. The Ancient Romans, also, during the time of Constantine accepted Christianity as a religion and a mode of life which also affected their political terrain. Religion in the 21 century is now used narrowly towards Christianity and Islam even though other religion still exist but the former two religion have elevated to prominence that other religion are now beneath them. For instance about Political stability: can depict the mean of a system of politics in which the government of that State is experiencing a stable government and peaceful existence in the State or in otherworld’s a legitimately accepted government by the people. Democratically governed States are believed to be stable. In the global sense every political entity must be ruled democratically without internal oppression or external aggression. Any country of the world that is free from the aforementioned point are regarded as stable political system in other words internal oppression has cause a lot of havoc to many democracies of the world which has infringed on their stability as noted by Ojo 2002. Descent Rule: These covers a larger set of cases that we commonly understand to be ethnic than the rules that ethnic groups must have a myth of common ancestry or common origin. But it excludes several cases in which individuals routinely consider themselves, and are considered as members, of a group that we classify as ethnic even when their parents were not coded as members of this group. Take for example the category â€Å"Yoruba† when it was invented in Nigeria in the nineteenth century. At this time period, the parents of those who were classified as Yoruba were not themselves classified as Yoruba for the reason that this category did not exist during their lifetimes. According to Descent Rule, then, the category Yoruba in the nineteenth century would not be coded as ethnic. But the category Yoruba is universally coded as an ethnic category by all comparative political scientists, without making a distinction between time periods. As another example, consider the category â€Å"Backward Caste† in India, which included as members individuals who possessed a given set of last names and/or ancestral occupations. The category was introduced by the Indian Central Government in 1990. Within a few years, 52% of the Indian population classified itself and was classified as backward. Yet the parents of those who termed themselves â€Å"Backward Caste† were not coded by themselves or by others as â€Å"Backward Caste† because, as in the case of the first generation of Yoruba’s, this category did not exist during their lifetimes Democracy: According to Abraham Lincoln he defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. In this wise democracy connotes a system of government in which all the people in a country will have the outright say on the government of their country although in a representative manner meaning that they will elect representatives that will represent their interest in the government. Advanced countries if the world where democracy is practiced completely they have national identity as opposed to the developing world where they have ethnic identity. Advanced democracies always believe in secularism in which every religion is accepted and embraced not a system in which part will have cognisance to a religion and the other will believe in other religion causing serious tension in such states like Nigeria. Federalism : Elasar (cited in Akande, 1996:1)† the formation of European union (EU) which simply begun as a trading partnership for coal and steel is now moving towards a more integrated political union founded upon federal principle of governance†. The African union (AU) which is the federation of African counties where a central government intended to be created with sharing or division of power among the federating unit, even the world highest organization body united Nation have in some little degree, evolved the principle of federalism. Federalism is a system of government which embraces unity in diversity. Federalism as a system of government is one in which there will be central and regional governments each one autonomous of each other.

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of E

Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy As children we have many goals and dreams. Eventually, the time comes when we have to make a career decision based on our interests and goals. The choices that we make now will have a lasting effect on our lives. Like most college students I have explored many career options, but I am always lead back to the education field. Teachers have a very difficult job because they have the power to shape and inspire our future nation. Although that can be an intimidating and often scary thought, it also gives me inspiration to move ahead in pursuing my goal of becoming a teacher. I have always had a passion for children. There is nothing like watching a child grow and watching their mind expand as they learn. Teachers play such an important role in a child’s life. They are often the only one who is there to encourage and support them. If I can make a difference in only one child’s life, then I will have fulfilled my purpose of becoming a teacher. Teaching is not only about standing in front of a classroom and showing children how to work a math problem. It involves a whole different element of modeling for children morals such as respect for oneself as well as others, self-discipline, and a positive self-concept. There are many different personalities and levels of learning in a classroom. As a teacher, I plan to know each of my students personality, learning style, and academic level so that I can conform to these needs and create the best learning environment possible for all of my students. The definition of knowledge is the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association. The nature of... ...ssignments efficiently. I plan to graduate from Concord in the Spring 2004. After graduation, I plan to enter the masters program at either Concord or West Virginia University. At some point in my career I plan to continue my education and obtain my doctorate in education. The teaching profession offers many benefits in its teacher union, so I plan to join the teacher’s union wherever I will be employed. Teaching is a very rewarding career. I am very excited about completing my education and going into my own classroom. I hope that I can inspire my students and be a positive role model in their life. I want to be an effective teacher who brings out the best in my students; I want to show my students that they can do anything they put their mind to and I want to give them the confidence and the ambition to achieve their goals.

Child and young person development Essay

1.2 Describe with example how different aspects of development can affect one another. When it comes to different aspects of development there are many examples that can describe how it effects one another, these are as follows: If a child is less developed in reading, when it comes to children having reading time on the carpet in groups, they may feel uncomfortable and unable to form friendships due to embarrassment and low self esteem. This will then affect their language and social development. This can cause the child to feel lonely and angry at themselves because they are not at the other children’s level of learning. If a child doesn’t like to share toys, this can cause a problem with social interaction as they will find it hard to  form friendships. The other children will try to avoid the child that is unable to share, this can affect the emotional and social development of the child who is unwilling to share as they will feel lonely and neglected and even aba ndoned. If a child is overweight and obese he will struggle to do PE at school as he won’t have the energy and will get tired very quickly. This can cause his classmates to be annoyed with him for delaying the class due to his weight and they will bully him for it. This would leave the child feeling very hurt, embarrassed and he will lose his confidence and self-esteem. This will then effect his physical, social and emotional development. If a child is use to having his way all the time, such as him eating his lunch whilst watching TV, when the child is at nursery and boundaries are in place this will cause the child to have temper tantrums and become angry. This will affect his social, emotional and behaviour development. As he will not understand why at home he can watch TV and eat on the sofa, but at nursery he has to sit with the other children at the table and eat. This will make him feel very upset and frustrated as he is unable to understand the reasons behind it. 2.1 Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development including: background, health and environment. Background Children will be part of different ethnic backgrounds, cultures, environments and circumstances; with their families going through different changes school may not be aware of it. Deprivation and poverty can effect pupil’s development, statistics show that children who come from deprived backgrounds are less likely to achieve well in school as parents find it difficult to manage their needs. Some children may come from a home schooling environment so when they start a new school it will be difficult for them to adapt to different teaching methods so they will need additional support. Health Development opportunities can be restricted if a child suffers from poor health or disability. For example, a child who has a disability may be less able to engage in some activates during school. This can affect their physical development but may also restrict their social communication, for  example, on the playground. When a child is aware of their needs it can affect them emotionally. It’s important that children are supported to ensure they are included in as much as possible. Environment The different environment and circumstances that pupils are exposed to at school and during their childhood and teens can affect their development. Many families may go through changes, which will have an impact on the way children respond in different situations. Families may break-up, get divorced or a new partner may be introduced which may effect children emotionally. Families may move house or change country, which can affect individuals socially, there could be a bereavement or illness in the family, which can be traumatic and upsetting for the whole family. If a child is looked after or in care it can effect their development emotionally, socially and physically. 2.2 Describe with examples the importance of recognizing and responding to concerns about children and young people’s development. The following things would cause concern about a child or young person’s development. If the problem was left untreated then things could get worse, and a delay in treatment could mean that the outcome is not as good as it would have been if treatment was started earlier. Speech / Language. If a child or young person does not talk to anyone or even only speaks a few words compared to others, this may cause concern. This would socially affect the child or young person’s because they would find it hard to make friends, work in groups or even interact with adults. It would also affect their communicational development because they would find it hard to speak to people and also may find it hard to listen to instructions etc. Early intervention would be the best way to respond to this concern, the first step would be to have the child or young person’s hearing checked because if they have poor hearing they will find it hard to hear people so will not want to communicate with others in case they get something wrong. Poor reading and writing. If a child or young person has difficulties with their reading and writing it  may cause concern, but this may not be noticeable until the child is around the age of 6 or 7 because by this age they should have learnt how letters are formed and start to string words together. These are the main skills a child needs to help them develop in all areas. Due to poor reading and writing the child or young person will start to fall behind his peers of the same age. They may find it difficult to interact or make friends with others who are more advanced than them, in case they are bullied etc. They would struggle with their intellectual development not only with the reading and writing, but they would struggle with their memory and even their concentration. 3.3.1. Identify the transitions experienced by most children and young people’s. Most children may experience transitions; transitions can be long term or short term. Some transitions that most children may experience are likely to be, starting school or changing from one school to another. Some families may move house several times throughout their lives this can affect a child in that they have to try and make new friends and get use to the area in which they will be living. Children and young people have to make very many of their transitions without prior personal experience, and it can sometimes appear to them as a daunting list of ‘firsts’: first day at school; first exam; first sexual experience. Most of these changes are navigated well by most children and young people, as and when they are ready. The experience they gain and the skills they learn in the process equip them to deal with the challenges of life ahead. The diverse range of transitions faced by children and young people includes: starting or moving school, puberty, bereavement, parents splitting up, illness (their own or a parent’s or sibling’s),changing friendship groups, entry to, or leaving, a pupil referral unit, moving through child health services into adult services, coming out as gay or lesbian this this affects older children, leaving home. Young people and children will need help and support from peers and adults to successfully make the transition to the next stage in their life. The nature and timing and giver of the support will vary depending on the individual’s needs and circumstances. Transition experienced by most children and young people include: Moving away – This could make the child or young person frustrated because they are being torn away from  either their favourite place or friends, this could also make the child become anxious. Friends moving away – This could make the child or young person feel nervous because they will then have to make new friends which may not be easy for the child, this could also make the child become anxious and become shy. Puberty – This could make the child or young person feel confused because they cant control what is happening to them, this could also make the child become dismissive or make the child become argumentative with parents or carers. Starting a new school – This could make the child or young person feel nervous because they have to make new friends and could make the child feel anxious because they don’t know what will happen. This could also make the child become shy or dism issive or even anxious. 3.3.2. Identify transitions that only some children and young people may experience e.g. bereavement. Transitions experienced by only some children and young people include: Diagnosis of a disability – This could make the child or young person feel jealousy because he/she may feel different, this could also make the child act unusual such as being dismissive. Divorce – This could make the child or young person feel frustrated, confused because the child or young person may not be seeing one parent as much as before, this could also make the child act unusual such as becoming withdrawn and being argumentative with parents. New siblings – This could make the child or young person feel jealous because he/she may not be getting as much attention as before, this also make the child act unusual such as becoming dismissive . New step parent – This could make the child or young person feel jealous because he/she may not get as much attention as before. Sometimes this can bring huge positive changes.It can impart the child’s life in a good way. Bereavement-the death of a close friend or relative may be very traumatic for a child, when it comes to times of change and transitions you should give children every opportunity to talk about what. 3.3.3. Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young people’s behaviour and development. Transitions are an essential part of a  child and young persons development. These changes within a child or young persons life may be progressive or sudden. They present the child/young person with challenges which they must overcome. Transitions are stressful for children and young people, just as they are for adults, and the resulting stress can have far-reaching effects on children’s emotional well being and academic achievements. How a child or young person deals with transitions is greatly affected by the support and response children get from those around them. A child’s early experiences of transitions will have a big impact on how they handle transitions at later stages of life. As some changes of transitions are not anticipated, they can cause distress and feelings of lack of control in the child or young person. This can affect emotional and behavioural development, in turn leading to possible impacts on physiological and intellectual development. The transitions that children and young people face can be: Emotional: affected by personal experiences, for example bereavement or the divorce or separation of parents ,Physical: moving to a new home, class or school, Intellectual: moving from one type of organisation to another, for example from nursery to school, primary school to secondary school, secondary school to college or college to university Physiological: going through puberty or a long-term medical condition. Puberty is a major transition that all children at some point, will have to go through. It can be a difficult time for both sexes emotionally, socially and physically. Behaviour will change and so will their physical appearance, which may cause them to feel insecure, especially if they are female. Peer approval will become increasingly important and may be related to physical development. Males may show more aggressive behaviour as their hormone levels increase and females may become insecure about late development or embarrassed about early development. Both sexes will be very aware of their changes and will compare their own rate of development with that of their friends. Most, reach puberty around the same time, some develop earlier and some later. Boys who develop more quickly are often found to be more popular and independent. Girls, however, if developing earlier than their friends tend to get teased and have a more negative experience. The development of breasts can be very embarrassing for a girl, as it may bring a lot of unwanted comments and attention, not only from boys, but also from other girls who may be jealous of the attention the girl  is getting, or may be teasing and gossiping. This can lower a person’s confidence and make them feel very uncomfortable. Changing for sports in a communal area could become an issue, with other girls staring, and may make the young person stay away from sports, preferring to go sick, rather than endure the unwanted attention. One main transition within a child’s life is changing schools. This can make children feel insecure, nervous and anxious about the unknown. Whilst they may feel some sense of excitement about the new experiences they will be exposed too they will generally be apprehensive. They may be leaving behind good friends, loved teachers, a great support network and may feel a huge sense of loss. Their behaviour may change, they may become withdrawn and emotional. TDA 2.2: Safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. 1.1.1 Identify the current Identify the Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures for Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People including e-safety. The current legislation and guidelines are policies and procedures for safeguarding who is promoting children’s welfare and putting measures in lace to improve children’s safety and preserve abuse. Child protection who are action taken to protect child when there is a reasonable belief that they are at risk of significant harm. All in setting for children and young people in England and Wales are the result of legislation passed in parliament, including England and Wales, the children Act 1989 and children Act 2004. Current Identify the Current Legislation, Guidelines for Safeguarding the Welfare of Children and Young People are Children’s act 1098/2004, Education act 2002,E-safety 2008, Safeguarding, Human rights act, The Vetti ng and Barring Scheme. Children’s act 2004 has five outcomes for well-being in childhood and later life. These are: being healthy; staying safe; enjoying and achieving; making a positive contribution and achieving economic well-being. In 2000, an 8 year old girl called Victoria Climbià ¨ was tortured and murdered by her guardians. Her death resulted in a mass investigation and the demand for stricter child safety laws. The inquest in 2003, lead by Lord Laming, led to the green paper, a preliminary report of government proposals that is published in order to raise discussion on the matter, named Every Child Matters The Act includes: a Children’s Commissioner to champion the views and interests of children and young  people; a duty on Local Authorities to make arrangements to promote co-operation between agencies and other appropriate bodies (such as voluntary and community organisations) in order to improve children’s well-being (where well-being is defined by reference to the five outcomes), and a duty on key partners to take part in the co-operation arrangements; a dut y on key agencies to safeguard and promote the welfare of children; a duty on Local Authorities to set up Local Safeguarding Children Boards and on key partners to take part; provision for indexes or databases containing basic information about children and young people to enable better sharing of information; a requirement for a single Children and Young People’s Plan to be drawn up by each Local Authority; a requirement on Local Authorities to appoint a Director of Children’s Services and designate a Lead Member; the creation of an integrated inspection framework and the conduct of Joint Area Reviews to assess local areas’ progress in improving outcomes; and provisions relating to foster care, private fostering and the education of children in care. Education Act 2002 refers to an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which amended legislation relating to academies, publicly-funded schools operating outside of local government control and with a significant degree of autonomy areas such as wages and digressing from the na tional curriculum. Policies and procedures All settings and pre-schools working with children and young people must have a policy for protection of children under the age of 18 that states responsibilities and is reviewed annually, preparations to work with the Local Safeguarding Children Board, a duty to apprise the Independent Safeguarding Authority of any individual who is threat to children, training on safeguarding for all staff and volunteers, effective rick assessment of the provision to check that the safeguarding policy and plans work, arrangements for DRB checks on all adults who has regular connection with children up to age of 18, contact details of a parent or carer for all children under the age of 18. E-safety The internet and video games are very popular with children and young people and offer a range of opportunities for fun, learning and development. But there are concerns over potentially inappropriate material, which range from  content (eg violence) through to contact and conduct of children in the digital world. Debates and research in this area can be highly polarised and charged with emotion. Dr Tanya Byron, in her landmark report ‘Safer Children in a Digital World’, published in March 2008,set out a challenging agenda for Government, its partners, industry and the third sector, to work together to make children safer when using the internet and video games. Government accepted all of Dr Byron’s recommendations in full, signifying our commitment to children’s safety when using new technology. We cannot make internet completely safety but we can reduse the rick to children and help them to use it properly and safety; blocking access to unsuitable web sites by using a program, reducing the time spend front of the PC, teach the children of dangers and how to recognize them, helping to the children to develop skills to deal with situations, educating parents using internet properly and carer about risks and controls. 1.1.2 Describe the roles of different agencies involved in safeguarding the welfare of children and young people. All children are known by many organisations. That helps to bring effective safeguarding and make the children to feel more secure. Many children know the Childline -0800 1111 Social Services- There to offer support to the child and the setting. Social services have the powers to investigate any suspected improper behaviour from carers, children or the setting. They also have to meet and conduct interviews with the child and the family members involved, liaise with and get relevant information about the child and their circumstances from other agencies involved with the child, they have to take the lead during the Child Protection Conference as well as take action when a child or young person appears or is thought to be in immediate danger. Child Protection Investigation Unit (CPIU)- Unit run by the police who have the powers to investigation, who have the powers to investigate, interview and arrest anyone who is suspected of abusing a child. The CPIU has to make a decision on whether a crime has been committed and if so to begin a criminal investigation. They also have to gather evidence from Social Services and other agencies thought to be involved with the child or young person’s wellbeing. The CPIU must take immediate action if a child or young person is thought to be in any immediate danger which may involve removing the child  from harm or removing the perpetrator and attend any court hearing to give evidence when a crime has been commited. Health Visitors- Health visitors can sometimes be the first person to see signs of abuse, especially physical. They have a duty of care to refer such information to Social Services. Health visitors must carry out a full medical examination or observations of any child or young person who is thought to be at risk of abuse or is/has suffered from abuse. Schools: Schools have the responsibility to develop childrens awareness and their knowledge of what is acceptable and what is not acceptable behaviour, including when using the internet. Support and protect children who are identified as being at greater risk or are on the at risk register and provide professional training of all staff relating to safeguarding. Have policies and securtiy systems for e-learning activities and use software filters. Observe signs of abuse, chages in childrens behaviour or failure to thrive and refer any concerns. Children spend a great amount of time in school with teachers and staff so it is essential staff are able to monitor, keep records, share appropriate information with other agencies and just be aware of any unexplained changes in the child. Any setting such as nursery, childminder, afterschool or holiday scheme. Another agencies are General Practitioners, Local hospital services, child psychology services. 2.2.1 Identify the sign and symptoms of common childhood illnesses. Most children and young people will experience some episodes of illness in their life. Common illnesses, like coughs and colds, are not usually serious. However, illnesses like meningitis are more serious and will need specialist medical care. Illnesses, like chicken pox, are infectious (easily spread) and others, like asthma, are not infectious at all. It is important for anyone who works with children and young people to be able to recognize the signs of illness and know what action to take. The main signs of illness in a child or young person are poor appetite, no energy, change in behaviour (unusually quiet, not sleeping well, crying more than usual), constipation or diarrhoera, vomiting, skin rash, raised body temperature, a cough, headache, stomach ache, earache or runny nose. Signs and symptoms Young children find it difficult to describe how they feel. They may say that they have ‘tummy ache’ when they actually feel upset, afraid or  worried. Children’s symptoms can worsen very quickly and they should always be taken seriously and not ignored. Frequently the illness are common cold the symptoms are, sneezing, sore throat ,runny nose, headache, temperature. Is important for adult to encourage child to blow nose,the incubation period is 1-3 days. Gastroenteritis the symptoms are vomiting diarrhoea ,dehydration. The treatment,that the child is not dehydrated it is important to give him water often. Scarlet fever,the symptoms are lose appetite,fever sore throat pale around the mouth,strawberry tongue,the treatment it’s important the child rest and adult observe if there is complications. The incubation period 2-4 days. Chicken pox,fever ,very itchy rash with blister-type appearance,the treatment,tepid bath with sodium bicarbonate and calamine applied to skin to stop itching to stop children scratching to avoid scarring. Dysentery – vomiting, diarrhoea with blood and mucus, abdominal pain, fever, headache. Measles- high fever, runny nose and eyes, cough, white spots in mouth, blotchy rash on body and face. Mumps – pain and swelling of jaw, painful swallowing, fever. Rubella (German measles) – slight cold, sore throat, swollen glands behind ears, slight pink rash. Pertussis (whooping cough) – snuffy cold, spasmodic cough with whoop sound, vomiting. Meningitis- fever, headache, irritability, drowsiness, confusion, dislike of light, very stiff neck, maybe small red spots beneath the skin that do not disappear when a glass is pressed against them. 2.2.2 Describe the actions to take when children or young people are ill or injured. Parents or guardians have prime responsibility for their child’s health and should provide the school with information about their child’s medical condition and treatment or special care needed at school. Children should not attend school if they are acutely unwell. The setting or pre-school has a duty of care to look after children with a known medical condition or who become ill or have an accident during school hours. Every setting or pre-school must have First Aid box and at least one individual how is fully trained. In time of accident the key person must be act. If is neseserry can call to emergency. Every setting and pre-school has defferent rules but they must follow the rutenes that will helps to the children. 2.2.3 Identify circumstances when children and young people might require urgent medical attention. Some children may be too young or may not be physically able to tell you when they need medical attention due to a disability. Often children and young people can become seriously ill very suddenly which means that as a member of staff you should be alert to any changes in their behaviour which could indicate pain or nausea. When a child becomes sick or lets you know that they feel unwell, you will need to sufficiently look after them until their parent or a carer arrives to collect them. In life threatening situations the emergency services should always be contacted straight away. An example of this would be if a child had any of the following signs of acute illness: an open wound that won’t stop bleeding or where the blood is pumping out,burns or scalds to the child’s skin, Meningitis symptoms such as a stiff neck, fever, headache and a rash that doesn’t fade when pressed by a glass,confusion, headache, vomiting or blurred vision after a head injury. Being floppy, unresponsive or unconscious. Difficulty breathing and blueness around the lips. Having a high fever, heat exhaustion or severe sunburn. Some children may be too young or may not be physically able to tell you when they need medical attention due to a disability. Often children and young people can become seriously ill very suddenly which means that as a member of staff you should be alert to any changes in their behaviour which could indicate pain or nausea. When a child becomes sick or lets you know that they feel unwell, you will need to sufficiently look after them until their parent or a carer arrives to collect them. In life threatening situations the emergency services should always be contacted straight away.If is necessary call to 999 for an ambulance. 2.2.4. Describe the actions to take in response to emergency situations including fires, security incidents and missing children and young people. You have to know where the fire exit are. Never put anything on the way of a fire way. Close door and windows and try to get out the children from the fire place.Make sure that the children are awalys with an adult. Call to the fire brigade by telephone as soon as you can as follow dear 999, give you phone number, make sure that you spell the address correctly and it received. Any setting must have security. For example at the pre-school where I have a plcemenet the main door alwaiys is locked, the emergency door  is open only from inside.When some one rings is very easy to look how is there.The key person knows the main people who visit the pre-school regulary.In case some stanger get in there is visitor book, check for indentity. Any stranger seen hanging around school or in the school grounds should be reported without delay to the headteacher who WILL call police if necessary. Any stranger found in the building should be challenged by a senior member of staff. If a child cannot be found by their teacher/support worker/lunchtime supervisor, the headteacher must be notified immediately and told when and where the child was last seen. The remaining children will be left safe in the care of suitable staff. All other staff available will conduct a thorough search of the childs classroom, play area,toilets, the school building and the grounds If the child is not found within a very short period of time, the police must be called by the headteacher or a member of staff. 3.3.1. Identify the characteristics of different types of children abuse. Physical Abuse Defined as non-accidental trauma or physical injury caused by punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning or otherwise harming a child, physical abuse is the most visible form of child maltreatment. Many times, physical abuse results from inappropriate or excessive physical discipline. A parent or caretaker in anger may be unaware of the magnitude of force with which he or she strikes the child. Other factors that can contribute to child abuse include parents’ immaturity, lack of parenting skills, poor childhood experiences and social isolation, as well as frequent crisis situations, drug or alcohol problems and domestic violence. Physical indicators of abuse include bruises; lacerations; swollen areas; and marks on the child’s face, head, back, chest, genital area, buttocks or thighs. Wounds like human bite marks, cigarette burns, broken bones, puncture marks or missing hair may indicate abuse. A child’s behavior might also signal that something is wrong. Victims of physical abuse may display withdrawn or aggressive behavioral extremes, complain of soreness or uncomfortable movement, wear clothing that is inappropriate for the weather, express discomfort with physical contact or become chronic runaways. Sexual abuse At the extreme end of the spectrum, sexual abuse includes sexual intercourse or its deviations. Yet all offences that involve sexually touching a child, as well as non-touching offenses and sexual exploitation, are just as harmful and devastating to a child’s well-being. Touching sexual offenses include: Fondling; Making a child touch an adult’s sexual organs; and penetrating a child’s vagina or anus no matter how slight with a penis or any object that doesn’t have a valid medical purpose. Non-touching sexual offenses include: Engaging in indecent exposure or exhibitionism; Exposing children to pornographic material; Deliberately exposing a child to the act of sexual intercourse; and Masturbating in front of a child. Sexual exploitation can include:Engaging a child or soliciting a child for the purposes of prostitution; and Using a child to film, photograph or model pornography. These definitions are broad. In most countries, the legal definition of child molestation is an act of a person—adult or child—who forces, coerces or threatens a child to have any form of sexual contact or to engage in any type of sexual activity at the perpetrator’s direction. The effects of sexual abuse extend far beyond childhood. Sexual abuse robs children of their childhood and creates a loss of trust, feelings of guilt and self-abusive behavior. It can lead to antisocial behavior, depression, identity confusion, loss of self-esteem and other serious emotional problems. It can also lead to difficulty with intimate relationships later in life. The sexual victimization of children is ethically and morally wrong. Emotional Abuse Emotional abuse of a child is commonly defined as a pattern of behavior by parents or caregivers that can seriously interfere with a child’s cognitive, emotional, psychological or social development. Emotional abuse of a child — also referred to as psychological maltreatment — can include: Ignoring -either physically or psychologically, the parent or caregiver is not present to respond to the child. He or she may not look at the child and may not call the child by name. Rejecting-this is an active refusal to respond to a child’s needs (e.g., refusing to touch a child, denying the needs of a  child, ridiculing a child). Isolating-the parent or caregiver consistently prevents the child from having normal social interactions with peers, family members and adults. This also may include confining the child or limiting the child’s freedom of movement. Exploiting or corrupting. In this kind of abuse, a child is taught, encouraged or forced to develop ina ppropriate or illegal behaviors. It may involve self-destructive or antisocial acts of the parent or caregiver, such as teaching a child how to steal or forcing a child into prostitution. Verbally assaulting.This involves constantly belittling, shaming, ridiculing or verbally threatening the child. Terrorizing here, the parent or caregiver threatens or bullies the child and creates a climate of fear for the child. Terrorizing can include placing the child or the child’s loved one (such as a sibling, pet or toy) in a dangerous or chaotic situation, or placing rigid or unrealistic expectations on the child with threats of harm if they are not met. Neglecting the child. This abuse may include educational neglect, where a parent or caregiver fails or refuses to provide the child with necessary educational services; mental health neglect, where the parent or caregiver denies or ignores a child’s need for treatment for psychological problems; or medical neglect, where a parent or caregiver denies or ignores a child’s need for treatment for medical problems. Although the visible signs of emotional abuse in children can be difficult to detect, the hidden scars of this type of abuse manifest in numerous behavioral ways, including insecurity, poor self-esteem, destructive behavior, angry acts (such as fire setting and animal cruelty), withdrawal, poor development of basic skills, alcohol or drug abuse, suicide, difficulty forming relationships. Emotionally abused children often grow up thinking that they are deficient in some way. A continuing tragedy of emotional abuse is that, when these children become parents, they may continue the cycle with their own children. Neglect is usually typified by an ongoing pattern of inadequate care and is easily observed by individuals in close contact with the child. Professionals define four types of neglect physical, educational, emotional and medical. Bulling and harassment Bulling is act show aggressive, unrespect and rude actions. Bullying can take many forms: Physical violence, Intimidation and threats, Name calling and  belittling, Social exclusion (i.e., leaving someone out of social gatherings and activities), Gossiping and spreading rumors about others, Public humiliation, Using slurs, words or phrases that characterize a bullied victim’s identity to suggest that something is unacceptable or worthless (e.g., using the word â€Å"gay† when what is meant is â€Å"un-cool†).